I got my Masters degree in Applied Economics from Montana State in 2011. For my thesis I looked at a minor, surface-level puzzle related to permit prices in the European Union carbon market.
Some background:
I wanted to explore how the simultaneous EUA-offset price difference and non-binding cap could persist.
The answer was a combination of transaction costs and the fact the offset cap applied at the firm — not market — level.
This individual level cap was key to resolving the puzzle. Think about it: if even a single firm (for whatever reason) didn't surrender up to their limit in offsets, then the cap wasn't binding in aggregate. Firms (over half of them) didn't, and it wasn't.
The natural next step was to figure out why firms weren't using offsets. To look at that I modeled each firm's cost function, including a term for transaction costs. By manipulating the cost function — was able derive some predictions about when a firm might use offsets and how many they would use. I was also able to speculate about the nature of these transaction costs.
The takeaway is that navigating the regulatory process — even just getting ahold of basic information (like the amount of offsets they were allowed to use) was a real problem.
Firms were more likely to use offsets when they:
When firms did use offsets they almost always used them up to their cap. Or, what they believed was their cap, which wasn't always the same thing.
One example: offset caps were set by country and typically given as a percent, say 20% for Germany. But that 20% applied to allocations, NOT emissions — that is, firms were allowed to use 0.20*n permits they initially received, as opposed to 0.20*n emissions. But when I looked through the data, there were many firms doing it both ways. It was obvious they were confused and no one was really checking.
There were other, similar examples. Every rule that could plausibly be misinterpreted had at least some firms misinterpreting it, though they did seem to be getting better (and more accurate) over time.
Naturally, given what a cluster this seemed, some grad school friends and I decided the market was ripe for our advice and spent a few weeks calling companies that hadn't yet used offsets to try to pitch them on it. I might save that story for another write up, but it largely proved unsuccessful.